Alan Turing, 1946. Cracked the Enigma code, creator of the Turing test for artificial intelligence, world-class distance runner, prosecuted for being gay.

What are you even talking about? Yes, she did.. The whole thing is good but start with "Note A". To be clear, she laid out the foundations of how machines could be configured to solve arbitrary math problems. The word 'arbitrary' is key there. Before her (and somewhat with her), Babbage made a machine to do specific calculations, but she mapped those calculations on to a broader set.

It wasn't yet Universal Computing - that needed to wait until Turing (and his contemporaries), and it definitely wasn't General Computing (hard to say when that began but sometime around first multi-user OSes for the PDP would make sense). But she was the first person to say "Hey, this machine doesn't just compute solutions to polynomial differential equations... it can do a lot more. Here's how."

Pay CLOSE attention to Note C. It's short, succinct, and belies a HUGE insight. As far as I can tell, she's the first person to realize that Jacquard Looms (looms which used punch cards to produce specific weaves of fabric) were in fact performing mathematical computation. It's possible that others had this insight first (she refers to the Adelaide Gallery, which presumably had this insight first), but as far as I'm aware she brought this knowledge to public attention.

Punch cards, in 1804. Thanks, Ada!

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