1. In a judo context, a lock has historically referred to a position which 'locks' that body-part in a fixed position. The word "katame" is used (variously translated as immobilisation/hold/lock). A joint technique ("kansetsu-waza") is the stretching, twisting, or bending of a locked joint in order to cause uke to submit. This can be seen in the names of techniques:

​

- katame-waza ("immobilisation techniques")

- kata-gatame ("shoulder-lock", does not cause pain to shoulder joint, but locks it immobile against uke's neck)

- ude-hishigi-x-gatame ("arm-break-x-lock", threatening to 'break' uke's arm by locking their arm in position with "x")

​

This meaning can also be seen in for example High Judo Groundwork (p.173) where the position adopted in *kata-ha-jime* is referred to as a "shoulder lock" (since it immobilises uke's shoudler), despite being a strangle-hold position and not causing pain to the arm.