https://www.nature.com/articles/mp201553
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32802-7/fulltext
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01661-0
Here are two academic meta analyses.
Here is a summary if you can’t be bothered to read it or if your statistics knowledge is rusty.
I apologize for my insults. I’ll delete my post.
All I’ll say is this. The BF Skinner framework of understanding addiction is outdated and tends to a reductive view of the problem - “it’s hormones or chemicals that’s causing my behavior”. Eli Lily is a pharmaceutical company that had been pushing this framework for understanding depression. You can guess what medications they produce.