1) Is there any verse or hadith that directly and clearly states that Adam was the first human being in the modern sense? As far as I know there is none.
Do you mean that he wasn't exactly the same kind of human as us? The Evolution of human beings after Adam isn't really an issue, although it wouldn't be that dramatic because it takes millions of years for dramatic evolution.
Adam PBUH, as well as all the early humans, were different in height, and it's safe to say they also lived longer lives. For example:
2) Is there any verse or hadith that says all humans, without exception,are descandents of Adam and Eve.
We are the children of Adam being spoken to here.
Even the first woman was created out of the first man.
This is a description of the introduction of humankind to the Earth. If other humans lived on Earth at the time, then Adam's story doesn't make much sense. Him being the first is central to the story of humankind throughout Islam.
Is there any possibility that some other human-like creatures were present before/with them and they then continued evolving? So not all humans necessarily are from A&E's ancestry?
It is likelier that other hominids were evolving, who eventually died out after humans took over much of the Earth. This would reconcile Islam with the theory of evolution, but filling the gap between us and a common ancestor with primates as God's creation of Adam, and that the other hominids evolving naturally left behind what scientific consensus today considers to be evidence of human evolution. Understand what I mean? In the end Allah knows best.
3)Might Adam have been possibly created with evolutionary process rather than direct creation,some claim this is implied in some quranic verses.
A direct comparison between the miraculous creation of Jesus PBUH with the creation of the first human. Was Jesus PBUH created through the evolutionary process?
Furthermore, is there a single mention of Adam PBUH having parents in the Qur'an or ahadith? Rather, the explicit mention is that he is our father, the father of humankind.
4) Can the whole narrative about A&E be just metaphorical rather than literal?
No chance. Almost all of the Qur'an is literal, this is the scholarly consensus, and the proof for A&E being literal is in how our prophet PBUH spoke about them.
I need help on this so please share your thoughts
Brother, think about it this way. Allah SWT sent messengers throughout history to different nations, some of whom we have record. They all preached the same monotheism. Our belief in them has nothing to do with an even that occurred tens to hundreds of thousands of years ago. Nothing about the idea of human evolution breaks anything about Islam, because our belief in Islam comes from our belief that our prophet PBUH and all the prophets PBUT before him are truthful. Furthermore, we can use our reason to determine the existence of God even outside of Islam. I honestly wouldn't bother with things like this.
May Allah guide us all.