There are a few different communities of Jews that have been particularly isolated from each other at points in history that developed some distinct cultures and traditions.

Ashkenazi is the community of diapora Jews that lived mostly Eastern Europe and Central Europe from around the 1600s to WW2.

The other two communities you might hear about are Sephardic and Mithrazi. Sephardic communities are diaspora communities that lived in Spain and some other areas in the Mediterranean.

Mithrazi are middle eastern Jews, many of whom lived in places like Iraq, Iran and Syria.

There are some other ones as well but those are the biggest three I think.