ELI5: How does a government go into debt?

Yes, I agree that thinking about taxation in this way makes it more complicated, but it bears mentioning because governments aren't like humans.

When my expenses exceed my income, I incur real debt through my credit card. I have to pay that back and bring the balance back to zero eventually (or face serious financial consequences).

This is not so for governments. When governments print money, they also incur a "debt", but what exactly are the consequences of allowing that debt to continually get bigger? Do governments ever have to bring the total balance back to zero? History has shown that as long as national debt doesn't rise too quickly relative to economic growth measures (e.g. GDP), there really aren't any consequences.

So with that being said, people point out the Trillions of Dollars of National Debt thinking we'll have to pay it all back eventually. The real question we should focus on is, how quickly can that number rise before we see significant inflationary effects?

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