Gaming pieces (ca. 3000-2000 B.C.); Indus Valley Civilization, Pakistan

Description (somewhat long, but informative):

Upper left, large stone and shell balls, one being decorated with concentric rings; upper right, small stone marbles; lower left, pottery dice; lower right, fired clay object in spiral shape.The objects seen here were found at Mohenjo-daro and may have been used for playing games. The stone balls on the upper left, one of which is decorated with incised concentric rings, are carefully made and highly polished. Since they are not bored, these balls may have been used for games rather than as beads, etc. The smaller stone balls on the upper right might have been marbles.Well-baked clay dice, which appear on the lower left, were found in great numbers at Mohenjo-daro. Unlike today's dice which are marked so that the sum of the points on any two opposite sides amounts to seven, the Indus dice place one opposite two, three opposite four, and five opposite six. Many of the examples are barely worn, indicating that they may have been cast on a soft surface such as a piece of cloth or on dusty ground. Although no solidly identified game boards have been found, it would seem that a game involving the role of dice and therefore chance and fate was played in the Indus culture. Certainly dicing was one of the most popular amusements of later Vedic India and, judging from the numerous examples found at Mohenjo-daro of a game using dice, also seems to have enjoyed great favor in pre-Aryan India. The exact purpose of the well-fired clay object on the lower right is unknown. Numerous fragments of identical objects were found, indicating that such articles were common in the Indus culture. It has been suggested by one scholar that this object was used as a mold for bread; perhaps, it might have served as a kind of game board (the Egyptian game of mhn uses a somewhat similar spiral board). Whatever its function, the object's spiral decoration, with its pattern of evolution and involution, may well have had some special significance for the inhabitants of the Indus valley. Hundreds of years later, the symbolism of the spiral would be fully developed in Indian art and literature Upper left, large stone and shell balls, one being decorated with concentric rings; upper right, small stone marbles; lower left, pottery dice; lower right, fired clay object in spiral shape.The objects seen here were found at Mohenjo-daro and may have been used for playing games. The stone balls on the upper left, one of which is decorated with incised concentric rings, are carefully made and highly polished. Since they are not bored, these balls may have been used for games rather than as beads, etc. The smaller stone balls on the upper right might have been marbles.Well-baked clay dice, which appear on the lower left, were found in great numbers at Mohenjo-daro. Unlike today's dice which are marked so that the sum of the points on any two opposite sides amounts to seven, the Indus dice place one opposite two, three opposite four, and five opposite six. Many of the examples are barely worn, indicating that they may have been cast on a soft surface such as a piece of cloth or on dusty ground. Although no solidly identified game boards have been found, it would seem that a game involving the role of dice and therefore chance and fate was played in the Indus culture. Certainly dicing was one of the most popular amusements of later Vedic India and, judging from the numerous examples found at Mohenjo-daro of a game using dice, also seems to have enjoyed great favor in pre-Aryan India. The exact purpose of the well-fired clay object on the lower right is unknown. Numerous fragments of identical objects were found, indicating that such articles were common in the Indus culture. It has been suggested by one scholar that this object was used as a mold for bread; perhaps, it might have served as a kind of game board (the Egyptian game of mhn uses a somewhat similar spiral board). Whatever its function, the object's spiral decoration, with its pattern of evolution and involution, may well have had some special significance for the inhabitants of the Indus valley. Hundreds of years later, the symbolism of the spiral would be fully developed in Indian art and literature

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