Peanut butter is a pretty recent invention as foods go, it wasn't popular anywhere until about the 1920s/30s

The United States Department of Agriculture initiated a program to encourage agricultural production and human consumption of peanuts in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. George Washington Carver developed hundreds of recipes for peanuts during his tenure in the program.

Peanuts come from Americas originally and some parts of the country are great for growing them hence the government programs, but there's nowhere with a good climate for growing them in Europe, so no similar thing happened in any European countries.

Peanut cuisine is generally most popular in countries that grow peanuts, e.g. S.E. Asia grows a lot