There are all sorts of ways of thinking about modesty. I thought I'd work through my thoughts by breaking things down into categories. Most people work with a combination of categories, and of course their thresholds vary. Here goes!
Some different criteria for immodesty:
Showing the skin too much
Showing the figure too much
Drawing attention to one's clothes
Drawing attention to one's face
Drawing attention to one's voice or behaviour
Spending too much time or money on beauty
Being too beautiful
Being too unattractive
Being too feminine
Being too masculine
Not being traditional enough
Wearing unethical clothes
Here are some pictures of women. Let's see how they match up to the various standards! (Obviously, some of you will disagree with my assessments. That's more evidence that this is all very observer-specific!)
Probably modest by criteria 4, 8, 10 and 12.
Might fail criteria 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9 and 11.
Probably fails criterion 1.
Might be modest by criteria 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.
Probably fails criteria 2 and 11. Earrings & makeup might make it fail 4.
Might be modest by criteria 1, 3, 5, 6, 10 and 12.
I'll post this for now, and add some more examples in a reply.
What do y'all think?