And with what authority are talking with?

I don't know, maybe by not being an idiot and actually learning from the mistakes that others have made in all previous wars before.

It's not rocket science and anyone who is willing and physically fit can be a capable conscript.

Training adds up. So no. Need more than a year if you want a competency and soldiers that can actually kill aka not freeze up when it is time to pull the trigger. Hardest part in turning a normal human being into a proper killing soldier is psychological and that is clearly not in focus in any of these so called 1-2 year conscription armies. There is just very little time.

Hell, not even professional armies got that part right. The best of the best will get the right amount but rest get rather inadequate training, which makes them weak as green soldiers. Obviously conscripts with only 1 year training or a tad bit more won't get any of that since it is part of rather advanced phase of the training. So it is accurate to call them cattle since they are being sent into a battle without adequate training. Trigger freeze is and was the biggest problem in modern military. So how do you expect to overcome that rather annoying problem? By ignoring that it even exists? Yeah, sounds about right.

Ukraine

Lets not talk about proxy wars and lets focus on real wars that involve actual soldier vs soldier combat. Killing civilians is by no means a war, it is just an act made by lesser men because they don't have the balls for the real thing.

Also remember Vietnam?

See comment above.

If the difference between troops would truly be as great you claim

There is a huge difference between a killer and a conscript. Provided that particular conscript is normal and not crazed psychopath, then yes, they would lose every single time since many of them will have problems pulling the trigger.

Lastly, many special forces around the world use a 5 year contract system. But I guess that they all are trash because no arbitrary 10 years of servive...

You should read my first post again in that case. 10 years is because the country is poor as fuck and can't afford to pay people and thus needs slave labor. If they can't afford shit then they certainly can't afford to train the entirety of the slave labor. Thus the logical step is to just grab more years and finish their training in extra 7 years compared to a professional in order for them to be on the same level with said professional.