1) Professors don't usually teach every day. You can decide how to structure your time, but I usually wake up at 6am, read the news, organize my work for the day, respond to e-mails, and then get down to research or work for the rest of the day. I usually take a bit of time off around lunch to eat, walk my dogs, and then I work again from about 4pm-c.10pm. I'm writing a book right now, so my days are a little longer than normal. I have structured my days like this for years now, and it seems to work. Taking a nap helps to extend the workday and help me get more high-quality work done for longer.
Teaching and research are my two main tasks, but I also work on program development, government advisory bodies, boards, scholarly groups etc.
This can range, and is very important. Adjunct professors (profs hired on contract by the course) can make anywhere from $1600-3000 USD per course before tax. It is truly hell. I know people with their PhDs making $17,000/year, then working catering jobs and other stuff on the side. On the flip side, if you produce outstanding research, graduate from a good school, in a desirable speciality, then you may have slightly better chances of landing an interview, but still, getting hired full-time is really becoming a thing of the past. Most universities and colleges use about 25% full-time professors, and about 75% part-time. If you get a tenure track position, it can range from $60-70K, up to about $90K to start. It usually tops off at about $120K, unless you are from a discipline that needs to pay higher wages to attract faculty (law, medicine, engineering, business).
We get a lot of time off from teaching, but since creating research is also my job, I would guess that I spend around 65-80 hours per week working, but only about 8-10 of those hours per week are teaching hours.
The job market is pants. I regularly discourage my students from pursuing a PhD in the humanities or pure sciences because of how bad the job market is. You often hear statistics of 40% or 20% of graduates finding work in some fields, so I would think very carefully about the whole thing. If you really just want a PhD because you like studying, get one part-time when you have a career. If you plan on going into academia: it is in its death throes with respect to being a viable career path.
Everything comes down to money. Grants are just part of life. In general, the public sector works with grants, so academia isn't unique in this respect (NGOs are similar). My suggestion: some great projects will be turned down; parts of other projects will get turned down while other parts are approved; and sometimes the stupidest, no-consequence idea gets the funds. There are some tactics to use (have a compelling project, write well, convince the committee of your ability to carry out the work) but often it is a complete toss up as to who gets funded. Don't attach your emotions to grant proposals. Attach your emotions to your work. Getting hurt over grant rejections wastes time and often is no reflection on you or your work. It's just a numbers game.
My least favourite part of the job: I sat here thinking for a couple minutes and I couldn't think of anything to put down. My favourite part of the job is engaging with bright students and working alongside incredibly highly-skilled professors who love having good, long conversations about anything.
[8. This is an important question that you didn't ask: how can I make myself more employable when I graduate? Do some teaching assistantships while you are doing the PhD. Most universities (and especially colleges) want to see that you have experience teaching. As well, think about how "hot" your research is in academia, and what industry uses it may have. A "hot" research topic is something that many people in the field are interested in. As you explore your fields of interest, you will find pockets of information attracting scholars' attention moreso than other pockets of the field. Producing a dissertation that intersects with hot areas of your field helps to market you, your ideas, and your skills to institutions that you potentially want to work at. As well, think about who your research would be useful to in the non-academic world, and work very hard to build bridges into those industries as you are completing grad school. If it looks like the academic job market is dead upon graduation, you will still be able to put a roof over your head with industry work. In the sciences, there are many aids to finding industry work. In the humanities it can be more difficult but not impossible. I have a friend who wrote his dissertation on the history of the tire company Michelin, and now works as a director of something for the company. Another friend was interested in food, wrote about it for the dissertation, trained as a cook (before and during grad school), and is now a culinary professor. Another friend graduated from philosophy and is a publisher. However you can, try to keep your eye both inside and outside the university as you complete your studies.]
Very best wishes with your decision process!