What happens when a person contracts COVID between doses of the vaccine?

I don't know. But the CDC says this: "FACT: Getting vaccinated can help prevent getting sick with COVID-19 While many people with COVID-19 have only a mild illness, others may get a severe illness or they may even die. There is no way to know how COVID-19 will affect you, even if you are not at increased risk of severe complications. If you get sick, you also may spread the disease to friends, family, and others around you while you are sick. COVID-19 vaccination helps protect you by creating an antibody response without having to experience sickness. Learn more about how COVID-19 vaccines work."

Source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/vaccine-benefits/facts.html

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