Without mods not really. There is a cartable ammo mod, but it is a bit OP unless you turn the quantities all the way down. In addition it lets you craft things like mini nukes and fusion cores that I found totally immersion breaking. Those are supposed to be rare.

Another option involving a mod, that feels a lot less game breaking, is the Crossbows of the Commonwealth mod. Upside you can craft bolts for the CB out of aluminum, wood and farm grown adhesive. It is by default silent, so if you take pride in your stealth you can get those double damage shots. In addition you would expect to see crossbows in a post apocalypse environment so it certainly isn't immersion breaking in any way. Downside SLOW reload time.

Basically I use it to shoot someone and take their ammo. Once Coverga and Olivia respawn I grab a scoped crossbow (for turrets and catwalk snipers) and machete (for everyone else) and go bullet farming. Then head over to the diner and sell the .38 I picked up but don't use much for the shotgun and .308 that is always in short supply.