Why are these two triangles similar?

Let R1 be the vector between origin and P1. Let R2 similar to R1.

Since speed is constant, the p-2 norm of v1 and V2 are both the same. It is trivial that p-2 norm for R1 and R2 are the same, but p-2 norm V1 isn't equal to p-2 norm R1.

Note that R1'*V1 = 0 (cuz they are perpendicular).

Let following linear system be:

[R1'R1 R1'R2] [V1] = 0
[R2'R1 R2'R2] [V2] = 0

Note that :

R1'R1 = p^2 (where 'p' is p-2 norm of R1, which is the same for p-2 norm of R2);
R1'R2 = p^2*c (where 'c' is the cossine of the angle between R1 and R2);

moreover, note that R1'R2 denotate dot product between R1'R2, which is equal to p-2 norm R1 * p-2 norm R2 * cossine between both vectors.

The above mentioned linear system can be represented (equivalently) as:

[1 c] [V1] = 0
[c 1] [V2] = 0

note that A matrix (coefficients matrix) isn't singular (and hence invertable) if 'c' is different of -1 or 1, which represent the case that R1 and R2 are coincidents (so V1 and V2 would be coincident as well, therefore there is no triangle).

By the previous analysis on A matrix, is possible to assure that V1'V2 has the same angle as R1'R2, ans since both p-2 norm of both Ri and Vj are the same, both triangles are similar (side-angle-side).

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