Assume you played one hole 100 times. First time you landed 99 yards away. Second time, 98, third 97, etc.... 100th time you got in the hole.
For that one hole, you'd earn 90 badges (10 - 99) plus 15 badges (5-9) plus 20 badges (1-4) plus 10 badges. For a total of 135 badges, times 9 holes is 1215 badges plus holding all 9 holes for stage 14+ is an additional 2000 badges, for a grand total of

3215 badges for one session.

I know the closest you can get to a hole without going in is 0.42 yards. I do not know if each "hundredth of a yard" away from the hole greater than 0.42 is possible, but if it was, and you could "win" each hole successively 99.99 yards, 99.98 yards, 99.97 yards, etc...... you could win quite a bit more :-)