Some sound like an overlap in terms across countries, but here is my take, and I am likely wrong.

Adjunct: someone who is only tangentially associated with the faculty, has no 'say', being a professional in practice who sometimes teaches or helps with some research on a per hourly basis.

Research Assistant Professor: someone on the cusp of becoming a tenured Professor, being an Assistant Professor, and who does Research only or more than teaching.

Teaching Professor: would be someone who has been around a long time, and still just teaching with no research grants. Where I am, that has zero job security but maybe in better academic systems this is more secure.

Lecturer: a person with a PhD on their first or second rung in the long long climb up the academic ladder. The attrition is statistically significant.