Antergos is able to reinstall the bootloader for certain.
What you have to look out for is where it gets installed. GRUB is actually two parts, a minimal stub that goes in the MBR sector of the disk and the actual bootloader code that is stored on some partition. The code that goes in the MBR is basically just a stub that points to which disk and partition the rest of the loader is. Note in particular that the MBR sector and the actual loader code can be on different physical disks if you have more than one.
When you wiped the Ubuntu partition, you probably wiped out one or both of the boot loader areas. When you next tried to boot, there wasn't a bootloader where the BIOS was set to look (or it was missing the second-stage payload code). Reinstalling Ubuntu fixed it because the Ubuntu installer reinstalled GRUB. You could also have Windows reinstall its own loader using the repair tool, but it won't boot Linux without some tricks.
The two most common bootloader issues are:
Both of these can be fixed just by reinstalling grub. Most any live cd should have the option to do this manually and pretty much every gui installer ever does it too. Point being, just make sure to install the MBR loader to the disk that is set to boot in the bios. Further, if you delete/mess around with partitions then make sure to fix grub (either by reinstalling it or tweaking the config, depending on what you did).
Caveat: this is for older BIOS boot. Newer machines often use UEFI, which works quite differently and doesn't necessarily even use a bootloader (at least, not like you think of it traditionally). For instance, my desktop boots Linux (via efistub) and Windows directly via EFI with no grub involved (or any other bootloader for that matter).