Generally the only that that is extensively researched and actually gives you energy is caffeine. Also the stuff like taurine thats in pretty much every energy drink is pretty well researched too.

Most energy drinks have all the same basic energy blends and a variety of vitamins. The preworkout energy drinks like bang and C4 are more similar to the powder energy mixes. Both of them have the basic energy drink ingredients but usually a lot more like 300mg of caffeine instead of 150. Then they also start to include a ton of other ingredients (more so the powders) with claims of stuff like energy, focus, endurance, and whatever else.

Often it's stuff like more/different vitamins that you don't see in the canned stuff(vit c,e,choline) then there's everything else like citrulline malate, l-tyrosine, n-acetyl-l-carnitine, the stuff in c4 that makes you tingle, and the list goes on. Things like gfuel also include a ton of fruit&vegtable powders. You could teach a class on the different ingredients.

All the extra stuff is not well researched at all, but it does vary. The most part the ingredients have a few studies with positive links tied to it or even quite a few but in general no completely positive results that say this thing 100% does this. There's no regulation by the FDA so it's not something like selling a drug that has to actually do what it's claimed.

There's a reason why regular energy drinks with just caffeine and a few other ingredients still sell. They give you energy/keep you awake as well as the other stuff with all the extra in it. I buy energy stuff mostly based on the flavors because IMO no matter what I take an energy drink, powder mix, coffee, or a caffeine pill it all generally makes me feel the same way. I have no doubt some of it actually does work but I'd say most of it is a placebo if you feel majorly different.