I think some of the effect of what you are describing here, might be something called,
"Poetic Prose" perhaps?
If so, then I love it too!
Essentially today, the type of prose and novel writing that dominates--and has dominated since the early 20th century--is a kind of Ernest Hemingway style of writing.
It tends to involve simple, highly accessible, non-complex, and sometimes harsh everyday colloquial language.
So ya, Ernest Hemingway, John Steinbeck, F Scott Fitzgerald were the early masters of this more accessible modern style that continues today (although even those authors still had poetic flourishes in their novels!).
Today, I guess you could say that Stephen King is probably one of the best examples of adopting that everyday-language style kicked off by Hemingway.
The novel "The Color Purple" is probably another good example of this modern everyday style as well, in which it is written in a slang dialect.
And so, yes, the modern everyday style is fine with me as well: I still really like and enjoy many of today's most common novels.
BUT in contrast...
There's also something really magical and transcendent and moving about a more fancy, poetically philosophical style of prose...
almost like some kind of moving orchestral background musical score to an epic dramatic movie.
(If handled properly!)
Anyways, as for authors who try to achieve or more poetic transcendental feeling to the language of the novel itself...
Michael Ondaatje leaps to my mind, especially his first novel, "Coming Through Slaughter" which is pretty much just one prose poem about a jazz musician in the early 1900's.
Somehow, Ondaatje managed to turn a semi interesting harsh reality poverty crazy-musician story, into some kind of epic story.
In which part of the main appeal of the novel itself is the poetic style... in which it's got many passages with a highly experimental, trippy 60's feel to it.
This technique really culminated with Ondaatje's best and most famous novel, The English Patient, that carries a highly poetic, epic, fancy feeling prose to it.
NOTE: unfortunately, personally, I haven't liked any of Ondaatje's novels after the English patient, I'm sad to say. They seem to overly "dark" and "bleak" in tone, that loses the transcendent appeal. But maybe that's just me.
Milan Kundera's novels also achieve this poetic effect nicely (even in translation!), and also add an ultra-philosophical obsessed feeling as well.
The novel "The Unbearable Lightness of Being" is pretty awesome for that type of effect!
Another author that has lots of fancy poetic prose, interestingly intermixed with a more modern everyday language style, is Vladimir Nabokov, and particularly his novel Lolita.
The subject matter of that novel however is probably a bit too disturbing for some (myself included). But the intro to that novel for example, is absolute sheer moving poetry:
"Light of my life, fire of my loins, my sin, my soul".
But another Nabokov novel (which has a much less controversial topic than Lolita!) that has moments of dramatic poetic-flourish and complex sentences that I really enjoyed is called: Pnin.
Nabokov's short stories, including the "Details of a Sunset" collection also are amazing at that technique, and probably my favorite examples of this technique of his.
(If you want to learn to write a bit more using that technique then Nabakov's short stories are where it's at!)
Nabokov also wrote an entire novel, called Pale Fire, in pure poetic verse!
I'm surprised to say I've actually never read it myself. I've been meaning to get around to it for a while now. But I'm not sure if that technique of writing the whole novel in verse might be carrying things a bit too far over the top for me...
But anyways, I'll have to give it a shot myself.
Anyways, the recommendations above are for "poetic" feeling prose.
But you're also describing another element, which I guess I could say is a kind of hardcore philosophical, blow your mind with new cosmic-ideas.
The best example of new, cosmic, transcendent ideas to blow your mind novels, seem to be coming mostly from the Hard-SF (SciFi) genre in my opinion.
An awesome example of that is the novel, "Tomorrow, Tomorrow" by Charles Sheffield, about a man who in the near future who has his wife cryo-frozen just before she dies of cancer, assuming there will be an easy cure for her disease in the future. He too gets Frozen.
And then, after that, he keeps waking up further and further into the future, eventually spanning the deep-deep future millions, then billions of years into the future, until the very end of the Universe itself.
Another great blow-your-mind SciFi novel is by the mathematician/computer programmer Greg Egan, called Quarantine.
Although Egan has a way of introducing some freaky disturbing passages into his novels... which I sometimes tend to skim over!
Anyways, there are quite a few Hard-SF novels that will blow one's mind with intensely philosophical ideas you've never heard of before.
Ultimately, it would be really nice if there was a COMBINATION of both!
An ultra-beautifully written transcendent-toned poetic prose novel...
combined with ultra-philosophical-hard-SF ideas!
In that regard I'm actually working on my own novel! So wish me luck with that difficult task!
(So far I've written the poetic-prose-intro to the novel, which took over 8 months alone, and went through about 300 rewrites, to try to capture that flowing poetic tone, without sounding arrogantly-pretentious! Now I'm working on Chapter 1, but I also have tons of rough-draft outlines for scenes in other chapters of the novel. In addition, I want it to have fun, easy natural language as well, to make it accessible, and gave a break from too much poeticisms, all combined with dashes of elements of an action novel here and there! I'm figuring it will take 3 to 5 years to finish and pull off, with a significant chance of failure!)