Profit tax also has nothing to do with it, each regional branch of a business pays it to the region in question, not to where HQ is.

No, you clearly show that you have no idea what you are talking about. The profit tax is calculated upon the pre-tax result of the official accounting of the company. Nobody does separate accounting for each separate operation in one or another place, unless you have that operation under a subsidiary which has it's own legal entity.

Example, if Gazprom has it's office in Moscow (on Nametkina street), they probably have inspection #28 assigned to them (unless there is some sort of special rule for such a giant). To which they present their consolidated accountancy upon which profit tax is calculated.

Obviously >95% of the profit the company makes is based on the production in other regions that Moscow, where some taxes are paid (local taxes and such), but the leonine share is paid in Moscow.

And your map is based on what is actually paid. But only because HQ is in Moscow, which a giant hole that drains resources from all of Russia.

VAT (НДС) goes straight to federal budget, it has nothing to do with the location of an HQ

VAT is paid by the end consumers, which in almost all of the cases are people and not businesses (which compensate VAT paid with VAT taken and pay the difference, and they can compensate it in the next years if they paid anything, etc...). Again you have no idea what you are talking about.