but some well-off peasants

Most of those well-off peasants became wealthy by selling surplus goods to market, if we're referring to same sort of 'Kulak class'. They also often partially owned or operated non-agricultural concessions in local communities as well.

when those peasants can no longer exist outside the market

But this is mostly a misnomer. The peasants of feudal Europe did exist in a market economy - the value of the goods they produced and the extra goods they bought (few communities were ever fully self-subsistent) directly affected the value of commodities at a local and national level. A good harvest directly affected the amount of tax taken which affected the health of the local landlord's treasury which in turn affected the tithes paid to the Church and the King and which financed castles, ships, wars and paid government employees and so on.

The fact that the relationship between peasants and the market was proxified does not change the fact that every peasant was affected by, and in turn affected, the economic health of the region as a whole.

The transition to an economy in which it feels as though all of us exist in closer proximity to the market is partially due to technological advance and the production of more advanced goods and services that necessitate greater levels of organisation, but also in large part to to advances in technology that mean we can understand how we're all affected by economics.

As a field, it's only existed for a couple of hundred years. A medieval landlord did not understand how interest rates set by local bankers affected inflation, and how the latter affected the economy as a whole. A peasant did not understand that a plague which wiped out 30% of the population would likely lead to substantial economic inflation and so on.

It is only recently, where you can make a connection between the market crashing and you getting a salary cut or being laid off, that we connect the markets to our own circumstances in a broader sense.

No humans who participate in the economy at large in any complex civilisation have lived 'beyond' the markets. But it may have seemed that way, certainly.