What’s your background knowledge that you’re confident enough to question this variety of claims of various different forms of racially unfair outcomes without actually reading the studies? Have you been living in a foreign country with blocked media or did you suddenly decide to care about this issue when you wrote your comment? Because obviously there are mountains of studies that show you’re incorrect, and it’s been an incredibly visible and highly discussed issue for well over the last 5 years. You’re either an arrogant biased noob or more likely, a bad faith actor who without evidence is comfortable dismissing the vast majority of recent academic work by experts because “y do blacks get punished at 5 times the rate of whites? DURR bcuz their inferior IQs and aggression from African genetics!!1!!” Or the semi covert version “victim mentality/single parents/the African savages are ungrateful/incapable”

This is literally the tip of the iceberg. The new Jim Crow has dozens of other studies from world class academic institutions. In the decade since then, the case has been strengthened by even more studies, which again is why even far right tea party members as well as socially conservative traditional republicans have been saying for years that our criminal justice system is an immoral, ineffective system with blatantly unfair racial outcomes , a claim not dependent on racism of anyone.

But yes, please tell me why most academics, Democrats, libertarians, progressives, and many republicans are all wrong. Anxiously awaiting your expert analysis

And let me reiterate, since you missed it earlier, my claims and the studies claims are carefully stated - none of it claims intentional or conscious racism. Your false assertion that the crack powder disparity is due entirely to “black counsels” (city councils? Because counsel usually means lawyer) - is the perfect example of ignoring the arguments to say “but they didn’t write n***** into the law so how can it be racist??!!”