Awesome question! A predominant one that I have thought about for many years, ever since I took a grad class dealing with quantum physics. Many scriptures and prophetic quotes have given me some cool insights on how, perhaps, the Divine works. Here are few to think about: Moses 1:6 Elder Maxwell on this very scripture:“God does not live in the dimension of time as do we. We are not only hampered by our finiteness (experiential and intellectual), but also by being in the dimension of time. Moreover, God, since ‘all things are present’ with him, is not simply predicting based solely on the past. In ways that are not clear to us, he sees rather than foresees the future, because all things are at once present before him”

Check out the diagram from the PofGP manual on this. Very simple, but informative. https://www.lds.org/manual/the-pearl-of-great-price-student-manual/the-book-of-moses?lang=eng

Now read Ether 3: 8-9. Ask yourself how the BofJ could have seen flesh and blood?

Now read 3rd Nephi 1:13 (note the context). Ask yourself how the voice of the Lord spoke to Nephi.

Again, there are many, many scriptures that speak to prophets seeing the beginning to the end. They speak to us as if we are present, and we are present to them! How? How can they see us? As Elder Maxwell notes, how do they get to a dimension in which all things become present to them. To me Interstellar was a decent movie, but one notable moment was when he entered the Tessaract. I thought "hmm, all things are present to him. Interesting."

There are many others, but here are some more to get you started. Mormon 8:35 Book of Revelations Many others have prophesied in details about future events.