I tend to think that the struggles most Black Americans face with social mobility has to due with the cycle of poverty and culture. Black people only make up 9 million of the 41 million in poverty in the US (as of 2018). Yes, Black Americans do have a higher percentage of poverty overall, likely because the vast majority of black families in the US started out in poverty after slavery ended. But the vast majority of white families that started in poverty during the same period are still poor as well almond a similar percentage. The white people in poverty have just as hard time getting out of it.

This tends to make me think our programs should be income based and not race based.