There are obvious differences in terms of the visibility of Jews versus African Americans, but that's kind of been discussed here already, so I'm glossing that part over.

The biggest contributor to different social outcomes between Jewish and African Americans is socioeconomic status. On one hand, Jews who escaped European persecution were generally those who were wealthy enough, or more generally had the means to orchestrate their escape. On the other hand, Africans who were enslaved in the United States were generally those who couldn't avoid being taken in their homelands, and generally did not have the means to orchestrate their escape.