• 13-14 episodes in a season
• 39 days on the island
• usually they film back to back season in the summer and then they air starting in September and February
• Yes 2 seasons a year (Feb-May and Sept-Dec)
• I don't know about Game of Thrones but yes there is a camera, production, medical, etc team on the island some distance from the camps along with ones with each camp for filming that rotates out a couple of time throughout the day
• The production camp depends on the location they are filming in (some have been more harsh than others) but generally they do have good food, shelter, washroom facilities provides at base camp. When producers or cameramen are filming at camp there are slightly more primitive conditions but they are only there for a shift until they go back to base camp (See the Cameraman AMA on the sidebar)
• The general structure is that in the first part of the game the contestants are divided into tribes (generally 2-4 tribes of 4-10 people depending on the season) and every three days the losing tribe of an immunity challenge goes to tribal council and must vote out a member of their own tribe. When there are between 8-12 people left there is a merge where every three days the entire merged tribe goes to tribal council and one member of the tribe can be immune from the vote by winning an individual immunity challenge. Once there are 2-3 people left there is a final tribal council where they present their case to the last 7-9 members voted out who form the jury and the jury vote for a winner. *All the seasons used to be on youtube but I think they may have been taken down. CBS All Access or Hulu plus are options as well as the DVDs are available up to season 21 I believe. Some streaming sites might have the old seasons but I'm not sure how reliable they are.

I would recommend watching them in order to watch the game develop over time. The early season are really great :). I hope that helps, enjoy Survivor!