48/32 Phrasing Cohort study: “…Looks to see if exposure ↑ the likelihood of disease. Can be prospective (asks, “who will develop disease?”) or retrospective….” Cohort study:” …Looks to see if exposure affects the likelihood of disease” Can be prospective (asks, “Who will develop disease?”) or historical…” 49/33 Improvement on chart Added color and labels to 2x2 table. 49/33 Phrasing Sensitivity: “…or the probability that a test detects disease when disease is present…” Sensitivity: “…or the probability that when the disease is present, the test is positive…” 49/33 Phrasing Specificity: “…or the probability that a test indicates no disease when disease is absent…” Specificity: “…or the probability that when the disease is absent, the test is negative…” 49/33 Phrasing Positive predictive value: “…probability that person actually has the disease given a positive test result” Positive predictive value: “…probability that a person who has a positive test result actually has the disease” 49/33 Phrasing Negative predictive value: “…probability that person actually is disease free given a negative test result” Negative predictive value: “…probability that a person with a negative test result actually does not have the disease” 49/33 Added labels on chart Has better labels explaining the cutoff values 49/33 Added picture No picture Graphic interpretation of incidence vs prevalence 49/33 Added text Prevalence > incidence for chronic diseases, due to large # of existing cases (eg, diabetes) 50/34 Removal Each title has an abbreviation in capital letters (eg, Odds ratio (OR)) No abbreviation next each title 52/36 Phrasing Measurement bias: “information is gathered in a way that distorts it” Measurement bias: “information is gathered in a systemically distorted manner” 52/36 Change in example Measurement bias: “Miscalibrated scale consistently overstates weight of subjects” Measurement bias: “Association between HPV and cervical cancer not observed when using non-standardized classifications” 52/36 Change in text Measurement bias: “use standardized method of data collection” Measurement bias: “Use objective, standardized, and previously tested methods of data collection that are planned ahead of time” 52/36 Added points Confounding bias: added to 3rd column; “Restriction Randomization” 53/37 Added formula Measures of dispersion: no formula for Variance Measures of dispersion: “Variance = (