You have a long list of problems. My suggestion is to list each of them out separately on different sheets of paper and then brain-storm possible solutions for each one.

For example, in an area with lots of old people, there are still going to be some young ones who face the same problems as you. If you see someone your age, go up to them and say, "I'm sorry to bother you, but I'm new to the area and I have no idea where to meet people our age and be social. Do you have any suggestions?" Follow this up with small-talk and you may make a friend who will introduce you to others and thus make more friends. You might only get good information. The worst outcome is the same outcome you have for not trying: no information and no friend, so you literally have nothing to lsoe.

Work isn't challenging or interesting usually, and the difficult and challenging bits are things people hesitate to train people on because they can be screwed up and cost the company money, so you probably need to lower your expectations; however, you can also work on creating relationships within the work-place. Be friendly with small-talk and ask people what they are working on and then ask if you can watch and learn from them.

That's just one possible solution to one of the problems you mentioned. There are others and you might have to work on your approach to get better at it. Think of it like a video game where you have infinite lives. If you hit a fail state, think about what went wrong and try again with a new strategy.

If you apply problem-solving skills to each of these problems separately and work at it, you'll see progress and that will make you happier and build your confidence so that solving others is easier. Good luck. You can do this.